Some Physiology Problems for Practice

Physiology Problems

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY

Homeostasis:

• refers to the body's ability to maintain the internal environment within narrow limits
• maintains a relatively stable internal environment
• depends on the interaction of integrating centers,  receptors and effectors
• All of the above

What is an example of a positive feedback control system?

• Maintenance of the proper body temperature.
• Process of childbirth.
• Controlling the blood glucose level.
• Maintaining homeostasis.
• Maintenance of the blood pressure.

Which of the following molecules are hydrophobic?

• Glucose
• Hydrocarbons
• Amino acid

All of the following are true of enzymes except?

• Enzymes are proteins
• Renin is an enzyme
• Enzymes are biological catalyst
• All enzymes end with the suffix –ase
• Different models of the same enzymes are known as isoenzymes

What are two major buffers of blood?

NERVOUS SYSTEM

In the sympathetic nervous system, _________ is the pre-ganglionic neurotransmitter, and _________ is the post-ganglionic neurotransmitter

 
In the parasympathetic nervous system, __________ is the pre-ganglionic neurotransmitter, and _________ is the post-ganglionic neurotransmitter

The central nervous system includes the

• nerves and spinal cord.
• ganglia and spinal cord.
• ganglia and the brain.
• spinal cord and autonomic nervous system.
• the brain and spinal cord.

One of the major inhibitory transmitters in the central nervous system is

• glutamate.
• GABA.
• dopamine.
• norepinephrine.
• endorphin.

Which of the following statement about excitatory synapses is false?

• They can be produced by the opening of chemically regulated sodium channels.
• They can be conducted only a short distance.
• They are depolarizing.
• They are able to summate.
• Their amplitude is all-or-none.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

One important way the stimulation of glucagon secretion is by

• hypoglycemia (low blood glucose).
• hyperglycemia (high blood glucose).

Which of the following hormones decreases the blood sugar level?

• Vasopressin.
• Insulin
• Prolactin.
• Glucagon.

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the anterior pituitary?

• ACTH
• TSH
• Prolactin
• Vasopressin

What hormone is not secreted by the posterior pituitary?

• oxytocin
• growth hormone
• vasopressin
• a and b
• a and c

What hormone can regulate the water concentration?

• Oxytocin.
• Insulin.
• Vasopressin.
• Thyroxin.
• ACTH.

MUSCLES

Motor unit refers to:

• a single motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it contacts.
• all of the motor neurons that supply one single muscle.
• a single muscle cell and all the motor neurons that contact it.
• pair of antagonistic muscles.

Which of the following contains thin filament only?

• A band
• I band
• H zone

Rigor mortis is caused by

• Lack of ATP
• Lack of Ca2+
• Lactic acid build up

ATP is necessary for each of the following functions in skeletal muscle except

• separation of actin from myosin.
• sequestration of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
• movement of the myosin cross bridges.
• release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
• maintenance of membrane potential.

What is one major difference between cardiac and smooth muscles?

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Blood flows through the right ventricle of the heart and onto the: 

• SVC
• Left ventricle
• Right atrium
• Lungs
• Aorta

                                        
The part of the heart which provides the pacemaker potential is the:

Cardiac stroke volume will increase with

• increased venous return
• decreased activity of sympathetic nerves
• decreased circulating levels of epinephrine (adrenaline)

What will result in a decrease in blood pressure?

• Opening the valves in veins
• Increase the force of heart contraction
• Increase the cardiac output
• Decrease heart rate
• Constriction of arterioles

Excessive fluid in the tissues is returned to the cardiovascular system by:

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

What is the site of gas exchange in the lung?

What is the major inspiratory muscle that also separates the abdominal and thoracic spaces?

A Respiratory Acidosis can be caused by _________ and will result in a __________.

An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the body will cause

• a simultaneous increase in the amount of oxygen in the body.
• an increase in the acidity of the blood.
• a decrease in the rate at which signals are sent from the respiratory center.
• slow, shallow breathing.
• a decrease in the acidity of the blood.

Which of the following is associated with normal expiration during passive breathing?

• The diaphragm flattens.
• The ribs move downwards.
• The pleural cavity expands.
• Air pressure in the lungs decreases relative to atmospheric pressure.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The cephalic phase of gastric activity is directed by ______

Which type of food will experience digestion in the mouth?

• fats
• vitamins
• starches
• proteins

The tertiary structure of proteins is broken by the direct action of the following enzyme(s)

• Amylase
• Gastrin
• Pepsin
• Pepsinogen
• All of the above

Chief cells secrete _________ and G-cells secrete ________

Which organ is responsible for detoxification of blood and produces and secretes bile?

RENAL PHYSIOLOGY

The blood circulates through the kidney in what general order:

In a nephron, majority of the filtered sodium is reabsorbed in the:

Following a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular apparatus can cause the release of _______ to directly stimulate vasoconstriction and ________ to increase blood volume

An increase in sympathetic tone causes _________ of the afferent arterioles to the
kidney and a ________ of the GFR

Renin controls the secretion of aldosterone by

IMMUNE SYSTEM

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produced in the

An increase in hematocrit, leads to what kind of changes in blood viscosity?

Which of the following clotting disorders is represented by a lack of blood clot and a defective factor 8?

• Embolism
• Hemophilia
• Leiden disease
• Von Willebrands disease

Which of the following statements about the immune system is true?

• Mast cells are phagocytes.
• Antibody-producing cells are derived from T lymphocytes.
• Macrophages release histamine in response to an allergen.
• None of the above

Whats the difference between T cells and B cells?

METABOLISM

A person who has goiter may have very high levels of circulating:

Which of the following is not true about cortisol?

• Secretion is stimulated by ACTH.
• It suppresses inflammatory response.
• It promotes breakdown of fat.
• It’s produced by the adrenal gland
• Secretion is due to increased blood sugar levels.

Which of the following is released from the pineal gland?

• Calcitonin
• Melatonin
• Cortisol
• Estrogen

The part of the central nervous system that regulates body temperature is the:

• Medulla
• Pons
• Frontal lobe
• Hypothalamus

Which of the following vitamins is fat soluble?

• Calcium
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin B
• Vitamin C

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Which of the following will best represent the order through which sperm pass through the male reproductive organs?

• Epididymis, testes, vas deferens, urethra.
• Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra.
• Testes, vas deferens, epididymis, urethra.

                                                                                                        
At the beginning of each ovarian cycle, which hormone causes the development of primary follicles?

Most fertilization occurs in what part of the female reproductive organ?

What is not a function of estrogen during pregnancy?

• Stimulate myometrial growth.
• Stimulate prolactin secretion.
• Maintenance of endometrium.
• Stimulation of milk synthesis.
• Stimulation of the breast development.

The placenta:

• Is an organ of nourishment for the fetus.
• Allows for mixing of maternal and fetal blood.
• Will function as the lungs and kidneys for the fetus prior to birth.
• a and c.
• a, b, and c.

Answers to Physiology Problems

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