Microbial Genetics Notes
Microbial Genetics Terminology related to microbial genetics - Genetics is the science of heredity
- Genome: genetic information in a cell, including chromosomes and plasmids
- Chromosomes: are the structures containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information
- Chromosomes contain genes
- Gene: is a segment of DNA molecule that carries the genetic code for synthesis of one protein.
- The one gene-one protein theory: one gene difference can have significant overall effect on the organism
3 ways for flow of genetic information - Between cells of the same generation (recombination occurs)
- Between generation of cells
- Within of cell
Nucleotides - A nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) is a long chain of nucleotides
- Each nucleotide has three parts
- a five carbon sugar
- Ribose in RNA
- Deoxyribose in DNA
- A nitrogenous base: either a purine or pyrimidine
- Purines: 2 rings
- Pyrimidines (1 ring)
- Phosphate group
Nucleotides bases bind to each other Complementary base pairing There are four types of nucleotide bases: thymine (T), Adenine (A), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G) - Adenine base pairs with thymine
- Between adenine and thymine there are 2 hydrogen bonds
- Guanine base pairs with cytosine
- Between guanine and cytosine there are 3 hydrogen bonds
In RNA: adenine base pairs with uracil (A-U) The Genetic Code - Definition: the set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence converts to an amino acid sequence of a protein
- Along a RNA molecule, each 3 consecutive nucleotides is called a codon, which is the genetic code for one amino acid
- For example: ACG (glutamine)
- There are a total of 64 RNA codons
- There can be up to 4 codons that specify the same amino acid
- A few codons specify NO amino acid
- The STOP codon: UAA, UAG, UGA
AUG is a universal start codon DNA making DNA: replication
DNA making RNA: transcription
RNA making protein: translation
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